ManTL (Manifold Template Language)

ManTL is a lightweight & type-safe template engine directly integrated with the Java compiler using Manifold. It supports the full Java language, type-safe arguments to templates, type-safe inclusion of other templates, shared layouts for templates and custom base classes for application-specific logic, among other features.

Templates compile directly in your build as if Java source files without a separate code generation build step, therefore your Java source code can reference and use your template files by name directly as Java classes. This level of integration and type-safety promotes higher levels of integrity and performance. It also enables tooling like the Manifold IntelliJ plugin to provide deterministic code completion, navigation, usage searching, and refactoring. Additionally the IntelliJ plugin enables incremental compilation and hot swap debugging, allowing you to make template changes in a running application.

Clone the Manifold sample Web App project to quickly begin experimenting with ManTL templates using the Manifold IntelliJ plugin.

Table of Contents

• Installing
• Usage
• Syntax
  • Statements
  • Expressions
  • Comments
  • Directives
    • import
    • extends
    • params
    • include
    • section
    • layout
    • content
• Whitespace
• Spark Java Support
  • Hello World!
  • Tracing
  • Template Base Class
  • Sample Application
• Provided Manifold Features

Installing

Use ManTL in your project simply by adding the manifold-template dependency.

Maven:

  <dependency>
    <groupId>systems.manifold</groupId>
    <artifactId>manifold-templates</artifactId>
    <!-- it is best to use the latest release -->
    <version>0.71-alpha</version>
  </dependency>

Gradle:

  compile group: 'systems.manifold', name: 'manifold-templates', version: 'RELEASE'

Note prebuilt binaries are also available for non-Maven/Gradle projects.

Usage

Once you have installed ManTL, you can begin using it by placing a new file with the mtl extension in your resources directory (nb: not in your source directory). The file can have any sort of string content, as well as dynamic content and directives that change how the template behaves.

Note it is helpful, but not required, to include the file extension of the target content in the template file name. For instance, a template that produces HTML as output is named MyTemplate.html.mtl

Consider the following template named HelloWorld.txt.mtl, located in the resources/templates directory:

Hello World!

This template can be used directly from your Java code:

import templates.HelloWorld;
public class Demo {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    System.out.println(HelloWorld.render());
  }
}

This prints Hello World to your console.

If you want to add a parameter to the template, you can change the template to use the params directive:

<%@ params(String name) %>
Hello ${name}!

Note you can make changes to your templates in IntelliJ while debugging your application. The Manifold plugin for IntelliJ hot swaps incremental compilation changes into your running application.

You can call this parameterized template with a String argument:

import templates.HelloWorld;
public class Demo {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    System.out.println(HelloWorld.render("ManTL"));
  }
}

Which prints Hello ManTL! to your console.

If you do not wish to materialize the template as a string, you can use the renderInto() method to render templates into any Appendable object. The renderInto() method is similar to render() but defines an additional Appendable parameter and returns void.

Syntax

As with most template languages, a ManTL template consists of regular textual content interspersed with language constructs such as statements, expressions, comments, and directives.

Statements

ManTL lets you control output of a template with Java language statements. You embed statements or statement fragments in a template using this syntax:

<% java-statement-parts %>

ManTL supports all Java language statements including variable and method declarations and control structures. For example, the if statement:

<% if(total >= 90) { %>
Grade: A
<% } %>

results in the following output if total is 90 or greater:

Grade: A

otherwise, the statement has no effect on the output.

Notice the statement is fragmented between two sets of <% %> delimiters. You can leverage many of Java’s statements in this way to control the output, including if-else, switch, for, while, and do-while.

This example demonstrates how a simple for statement can repeat a section of the template’s content:

<% for(String brand: Arrays.asList("Maserati", "Alfa Romeo", "Abarth") { %>
  Fiat brand: ${brand}
<% } %>

Renders as:

  Fiat brand: Maserati
  Fiat brand: Alfa Romeo
  Fiat brand: Abarth

You can achieve the same result using a Java lambda expression:

<% Arrays.asList("Maserati", "Alfa Romeo", "Abarth").forEach(brand -> { %>
  Fiat brand: ${brand}
<% }); %>

Expressions

A ManTL expression contains a Java language expression, it is evaluated, coerced to a String, and inserted where the expression appears in the ManTL file.

Use expressions with this syntax:

<%= java-expression %>

Additionally, the following shorthand syntax is also valid:

${ java-expression }

For example, this template:

<html>
  <head><title>Expression Example</title></head>
  <body>
    <% int y = 10; %>
    <p style="font-size: ${y}"> The font size of this paragraph is ${y}. </p>
  </body>
</html>

generates the following HTML:

<html>
  <head><title>Expression Example</title></head>
  <body>
    <p style="font-size: 10"> The font size of this paragraph is 10. </p>
  </body>
</html>

Note the statement declaring the y variable does not directly contribute to the resulting content. This is because a statement does not produce a value to display, instead a statement controls what displays. By contrast an expression produces a value, thus it directly renders as part of the template’s resulting content, hence both ${y} expressions render 10 in the output.

Comments

Comments are blocks that delimit areas of the template the compiler ignores; they do not contribute to the template’s output. Use them to make comments and to temporarily mask off sections of a template as you like.

Note template comments in no way affect the generated Java code, they are exclusively template file comments.

The syntax of a comment is as follows:

<%-- This is a comment --%>

Directives

Directives are commands you use to control the compilation and resulting structure of a template.

Directives have the following syntax:

<%@ directive-name [options] %>

Here is a summary of all the ManTL directives. More detailed descriptions follow.

import

Use the import directive as you would a Java import statement so you can use Java classes without having to qualify them with package names.

The syntax of the import directive:

<%@ import type-name %>

This example imports the java.util.HashSet class and uses it to declare the myHashSet variable:

<html>
<%@ import java.util.HashSet %>
  <head><title>Import Example</title></head>
  <body>
    <% int y = 10;
       HashSet<Integer> myHashSet = new HashSet<>();
       myHashSet.add(y);
       myHashSet.add(15);
       for(Integer a: myHashSet) { %>
         <p> myHashSet contains ${a}. </p>
       <% } %>
  </body>
</html>

The above template produces the following HTML:

<html>
  <head><title>Import Example</title></head>
  <body>
    <p> myHashSet contains 10. </p>
    <p> myHashSet contains 15. </p>
  </body>
</html>

Note import directives must precede all other directives in your template.

extends

Use the extends directive to make a template extend a custom base class, which you can use to provide additional application specific functionality e.g., Request and Response objects in a web application.

A practical example of the extends directive:

package demo;

import model.Contact;
import manifold.templates.runtime.BaseTemplate;

public class ExampleTemplate extends BaseTemplate {

  public String displayContact(Contact c) {
    if(c.hasName()) {
      return c.getName();
    } else {
      return c.getEmail();
    }
  }

}

This allows the developer to render a clean template:

<%@ import model.Contact %>
<%@ extends demo.ExampleTemplate %>
<%@ params(Contact c)%>

<div>
  <div>
    Contact
  </div>
  <div>
    ${displayContact(c)}
  </div>
</div>

And easily callable:

  get("/contact/:id", (req, resp) -> ShowContact.render(Contact.find(req.getParam("id")));

params

Use the params directive to declare parameters in a template, similar to declaring parameters for a method.

The syntax of the params directive is as follows:

<%@ params(parameter-list) %>

For example, you can create the template NameDisplay.html.mtl as the following:

<%@ params(String name) %>
<p>Your name is: ${myName}</p>

You can then include it in another template as follows:

<html>
  <head><title>PARAMS Example</title></head>
  <body>
    <%@ include NameDisplay("Robert") %>
    <%@ include NameDisplay("Scott") %>
  </body>
</html>

Then, the following HTML will be generated:

<html>
  <head><title>PARAMS Example</title></head>
  <body>
    <p>Your name is: Robert </p>
    <p>Your name is: Scott </p>
  </body>
</html>

include

The include directive allows users to insert other templates inside of the given template in a type safe manner.

The syntax looks like this:

<%@ include [template-name] %>

For example, consider the following template, MyTemplate.html.mtl:

<% int fontSize = 0; %>
<html>
  <head><title>WHILE LOOP Example</title></head>
  <body>
    <% while (fontSize <= 3) { %>
      <font color = "green" size = "<%= fontSize %>">
        ManTL Tutorial
      </font><br />
      <%fontSize++;%>
    <%}%>
  </body>
</html>

We can then include it from another template as such:

<%@ include MyTemplate %>

Both statements will result in the following HTML code:

<html>
  <head><title>WHILE LOOP Example</title></head>
  <body>
    <font color = "green" size = "0">
      ManTL Tutorial
    </font><
    <font color = "green" size = "1">
      ManTL Tutorial
    </font><br />
    <font color = "green" size = "2">
      ManTL Tutorial
    </font><br />
    <font color = "green" size = "3">
      ManTL Tutorial
    </font><br />
  </body>
</html>

Conditional Include

ManTL supports shorthand for conditional inclusion of templates. The following syntax:

<% if (condition) { %>
  <%@ include MyTemplate %>
<% } %>

Can be condensed to the following:

<%@ include MyTemplate if(condition) %>

(Note: In the above, parentheses are optional.)

section

The section directive creates a subsection of the current template that can be added using the include directive in other templates.

The syntax of a section block:

<%@ section section-name[(symbols-used-in-section)] %>
  SECTION CONTENT HERE
<%@ end section %>

Note the corresponding <%@ end section %> directive must be used to complete the section, otherwise a compile error results.

For example, you can create the template NestedImport.html.mtl as the following:

<%@ import java.util.* %>
<h1>Defines a section</h1>
<%@ section mySection %>
  <% HashSet<Integer> myHashSet = new HashSet<>();
  myHashSet.add(1);
  myHashSet.add(2);
  myHashSet.add(3);
  for(Integer a: myHashSet) { %>
  <h2 style="font-size: ${a}">Font size: ${a}</h2>
  <% } %>
<%@ end section %>
<p> The End </p>

The above code will generate the following HTML:

  <h1>Defines a section</h1>
  <h2 style="font-size: 1">Font size: 1</h2>
  <h2 style="font-size: 2">Font size: 2</h2>
  <h2 style="font-size: 3">Font size: 3</h2>
  <p> The End </p>

Then, you can include mySection in a separate template:

  <%@ include NestedImport.mySection %>

Which will result in the following HTML:

  <h2 style="font-size: 1">Font size: 1</h2>
  <h2 style="font-size: 2">Font size: 2</h2>
  <h2 style="font-size: 3">Font size: 3</h2>

layout

Layouts can be made and used with the content and layout directives respectively.

The content directive splits the current template into the header and footer of a layout.

The layout directive makes the header and footer of the layout frame the current template. The current template renders at the location of the content directive.

Both the content directive and layout directive are only valid in the outermost class (not within sections) and can only appear once in a template.

The params directive is not yet supported for a template that contains the content directive.

The syntax of a layout template is as follows:

HEADER CONTENT HERE
<%@ content %>
FOOTER CONTENT HERE

For example, you can create the template LayoutEx.html.mtl:

</html>
  </body>
    <%@ content %>
  </body>
</html>

And use the layout in the following template:

<%@ layout LayoutEx %>
<h1>This is a template that uses a layout.</h1>
<h2>The layout directive can appear anywhere in the template.</h2>

The above code will generate the following HTML:

</html>
  </body>
    <h1>This is a template that uses a layout.</h1>
    <h2>The directive can appear anywhere in the template.</h2>
  </body>
</html>

Default Layouts

ManTL also supports the ability to set default layouts for templates in a given package via the ManifoldTemplates.java configuration class:

  // Sets default template for all templates
  ManifoldTemplates.setDefaultLayout(MyLayout.asLayout());
  
  // Sets default templates for all templates in "some.package"
  ManifoldTemplates.setDefaultLayout("some.package", AnotherLayout.asLayout());

By default, more specific layout declarations take precedence over less specific ones. For example, templates with a declared layout (using the layout directive) override the default layout.

Note the generated asLayout() static method on layout template classes. This is useful when you override layouts, as specified below.

Layout Overrides

Sometimes you may want to manually override the layout of a given template in code, or render a template with no layout. ManTL classes include two fluent helper methods: withoutLayout() and withLayout(ILayout) to assist in these cases:

  // Renders the template with no layout, regardless of the configuration
  MyTemplate.withoutLayout().render(); 

  // Renders MyTemplate with the MyLayout layout, regardless of other configuration
  MyTemplate.withLayout(MyLayout.asLayout()).render(); 

Whitespace

ManTL language constructs are silent with respect to the template’s output. That is to say, contiguous whitespace characters leading and trailing a language construct are omitted from the template’s generated content. Whitespace characters include spaces, tabs, and new lines.

  <%@ import java.util.ArrayList %>
  <% if(true) { <%>
Hi
  <% } %>

The above template renders just one line of text consisting of the two characters in the word Hi; none of the whitespace immediately preceding or following the language constructs are included.

Spark Java Support

ManTL is designed with web frameworks like Spark in mind.

Hello World!

A simple “Hello World!” Spark application making use of ManTL:

package app;

import manifold.templates.ManifoldTemplates;
import views.Index;
import views.layout.DefaultLayout;

import static spark.Spark.*;

public class WebApp { 
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    // Set up the default layout for the application
    ManifoldTemplates.setDefaultLayout(DefaultLayout.asLayout());

    // Enable tracing
    ManifoldTemplates.trace();

    // Render the Index template
    get("/", (req, resp) -> Index.render("Hello World!"));
  }
}

There are two templates in the resources directory: views/Index.html.mtl and views/layouts/DefaultLayout.html.mtl. Here the code references the Index template directly as a Java class. This is a powerful aspect of ManTL – the compiler verifies your links are never broken and you can fully leverage the strength of IntelliJ for deterministic code completion, usage searching, refactoring, navigation, incremental compilation, and hot swap.

Note the code takes advantage of the type-safe parameters available in ManTL and no Spark “TemplateEngine” is needed.

SparkTemplate Base Class

Manifold provides base class manifold.templates.sparkjava.SparkTemplate for use with the extends directive in your templates (or, more commonly, you extend this class and add more of your own application functionality). This class provides various convenience methods to get the HTTP Request, Response, etc. and it also automatically escapes all string content for HTML, to help prevent malicious user input from causing a security issue in your application.

If you wish, you can output raw HTML in a template that extends manifold.templates.sparkjava.SparkTemplate using the raw() function:

  ${raw("<h1>Some Raw HTML</h1>")}

Tracing

ManTL supports performance tracing with the following syntax:

  ManifoldTemplates.trace();

After invoking the trace() method, every following render() call prints the following to the console:

  - Template template-name rendered in time-to-render ms

Sample Application

A sample Spark application is available here:

https://github.com/manifold-systems/manifold-sample-web-app

Provided Manifold Features

Because ManTL is a Type Manifold you can leverage other aspects of Manifold in your code, including the Properties Manifold, Image Manifold, and others. For instance, just as you have type-safe access to mtl template files, you also have type-safe access to Java properties files and image files such as png, gif, and jpg.

You can create and use Manifold Extensions too. Instead of writing Util and Helper classes you can write your own extension methods for any Java class. Then use IntelliJ code completion to improve your development experience with the extended classes.

Use other extension features such as @Jailbreak for type-safe reflection and avoid the dangers of writing and maintaining reflection code in your app. Use @Self to improve the usability of your Builder classes – avoid complicated recursive generic types and the like.

Utilize Structural Interfaces in your code to avoid the penalties and tedium involved with reflection and proxies. Structural interfaces are also quite powerful when combined with other Manifold features such as Extension methods – layer a unified API over different, but similar architectures.

To utilize even more of Manifold’s features you can replace your manifold-templates dependency with manifold-all. This change enables type-safe access to other type manifolds such as JSON and YAML files, JSON Schema, CSV and more.
You also gain access to Manifold’s provided extension libraries for I/O, Web, and Collections.

    <dependency>
      <groupId>systems.manifold</groupId>
      <artifactId>manifold-all</artifactId>
      <!-- it is best to use the latest release -->
      <version>0.71-alpha</version>
    </dependency>